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This is a list of operators in the C and C programming languages.All the operators listed exist in C; the fourth column 'Included in C', states whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.

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You have seen the basic structure of a C program, so it will be easy to understand other basic building blocks of the C programming language.

Tokens in C

A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a symbol. For example, the following C statement consists of five tokens −

The individual tokens are −

Semicolons

In a C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one logical entity.

Given below are two different statements −

Comments

Comments are like helping text in your C program and they are ignored by the compiler. They start with /* and terminate with the characters */ as shown below −

You cannot have comments within comments and they do not occur within a string or character literals.

Identifiers

A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user-defined item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore '_' followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).

C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. C is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C. Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −

Keywords

The following list shows the reserved words in C. These reserved words may not be used as constants or variables or any other identifier names.

auto	else	long	switch
break	enum	register	typedef
case	extern	return	union
char	float	short	unsigned
const	for	signed	void
continue	goto	sizeof	volatile
default	if	static	while
do	int	struct	_Packed
double

Whitespace in C

A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.

Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the compiler to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next element begins. Therefore, in the following statement −

there must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in the following statement −

no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and apples, although you are free to include some if you wish to increase readability.

The null coalescing operator (called the Logical Defined-Or operator in Perl) is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, including C#,^[1]PowerShell as of version 7.0.0,^[2]Perl as of version 5.10,^[3]Swift,^[4] and PHP 7.0.0.^[5] While its behavior differs between implementations, the null coalescing operator generally returns the result of its left-most operand if it exists and is not null, and otherwise returns the right-most operand. This behavior allows a default value to be defined for cases where a more specific value is not available.

In contrast to the ternary conditional if operator used as x ? x : y, but like the binary Elvis operator used as x ?: y, the null coalescing operator is a binary operator and thus evaluates its operands at most once, which is significant if the evaluation of x has side-effects.

Examples by languages[edit]

Bash[edit]

In Bash 'If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word is substituted. Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted':^[6]

C#[edit]

In C#, the null coalescing operator is ??.

It is most often used to simplify expressions as follows:

For example, if one wishes to implement some C# code to give a page a default title if none is present, one may use the following statement:

instead of the more verbose

The three forms result in the same value being stored into the variable named pageTitle.

Note that suppliedTitle is referenced only once when using the ?? operator, and twice in the other two code examples.

The operator can also be used multiple times in the same expression:

Once a non-null value is assigned to number, or it reaches the final value (which may or may not be null), the expression is completed.

If, for example, a variable should be changed to another value if its value evaluates to null, since C# 8.0 the ??= null coalescing assignment operator can be used:

Which is a more concise version of:

In combination with the null-conditional operator?. or the null-conditional element access operator ?[] the null coalescing operator can be used to provide a default value if an object or an object’s member is null. For example the following will return the default title if either the page object is null or page is not null but its Title property is:

CFML[edit]

As of ColdFusion 11,^[7]Railo 4.1,^[8]CFML supports the null coalescing operator as a variation of the ternary operator, ?:. It is functionally and syntactically equivalent to its C# counterpart, above. Example:

Clojure[edit]

Clojure's or macro can be used similarly, because it returns the first non false value, and nil is considered false in Clojure. The inclusion of false makes it slightly different to traditional Elvis operators.

You can also chain values.

Be careful if you care about distinguishing between false and nil in this case, since or does not.

F#[edit]

The null value is not normally used in F# for values or variables.^[9] However null values can appear for example when F# code is called from C#.

F# does not have a built-in null coalescing operator but one can be defined as required as a custom operator:^[10]

This custom operator can then be applied as per C#'s built-in null coalescing operator:

Freemarker[edit]

Missing values in Apache FreeMarker will normally cause exceptions. However, both missing and null values can be handled, with an optional default value:^[11]

or, to leave the output blank:

Haskell[edit]

Types in Haskell can in general not be null. Representation of computations that may or may not return a meaningful result is represented by the generic Maybe type, defined in the standard library^[12] as

The null coalescing operator replaces null pointers with a default value. The Haskell equivalent is a way of extracting a value from a Maybe by supplying a default value. This is the function fromMaybe.

Some example usage follows.

JavaScript[edit]

JavaScript's nearest operator is ??, the 'nullish coalescing operator,' which was added to the standard in ECMAScript's 11^th edition.^[13] In earlier versions, it could be used via a Babel plugin, and in TypeScript. It evalutes its left-hand operand and, if the result value is not 'nullish' (null or undefined), takes that value as its result; otherwise, it evaluates the right-hand operand and takes the resulting value as its result.

In the following example, a will be assigned the value of b if the value of b is not null or undefined, otherwise it will be assigned 3.

Before the nullish coalescing operator, programmers would use the logical OR operator (||). But where ?? looks specifically for null or undefined, the || operator looks for any falsy value: null, undefined, ', 0, NaN, and of course, false.

In the following example, a will be assigned the value of b if the value of b is truthy, otherwise it will be assigned 3.

Kotlin[edit]

Kotlin uses the ?: operator.^[14] This is an unusual choice of symbol, given that ?: is typically used for the Elvis operator, not null coalescing, but it was inspired by Groovy (programming language) where null is considered false.

Objective-C[edit]

In Obj-C, the nil coalescing operator is ?:. It can be used to provide a default for nil references:

This is the same as writing

Perl[edit]

In Perl (starting with version 5.10), the operator is // and the equivalent Perl code is:

The possibly_null_value is evaluated as null or not-null (in Perl terminology, undefined or defined). On the basis of the evaluation, the expression returns either value_if_null when possibly_null_value is null, or possibly_null_value otherwise. In the absence of side-effects this is similar to the way ternary operators (?: statements) work in languages that support them. The above Perl code is equivalent to the use of the ternary operator below:

This operator's most common usage is to minimize the amount of code used for a simple null check.

Perl additionally has a //= assignment operator, where

is largely equivalent to:

This operator differs from Perl's older || and ||= operators in that it considers definedness, not truth. Thus they behave differently on values that are false but defined, such as 0 or ' (a zero-length string):

PHP[edit]

PHP 7 has introduced^[15] a null-coalescing operator with the ?? syntax. This checks strictly for NULL or a non-existent variable/array index/property. In this respect, it acts similarly to PHP's isset() pseudo-function:

Version 7.4 of PHP will add the Null Coalescing Assignment Operator with the ??= syntax:^[16]

Python[edit]

The or operator provides this functionality.^[17]

Note that the or operator does not return only True or False. Instead, it returns the first operand if the first operand evaluates to true, and it returns the second operand if the first operand evaluates to false.

In this case, the expression x or y returns x if it is True or evaluates to true when converted to boolean. Otherwise, it returns y. For most cases, this will serve for the very same purpose of C#'s null-coalescing operator, but keep in mind:

There was a proposal to add a new operator or operators to handle this differently in Python 3.8, but that proposal has been deferred.^[18]

PowerShell[edit]

The ?? null coalescing operator provides this functionality.^[2]

Rust[edit]

While there's no null in Rust, tagged unions are used for the same purpose. For example, Result<T, E> or Option<T>.

unwrap_or() serves a similar purpose as the null coalescing operator in other languages.

SQL[edit]

In Oracle's PL/SQL, the NVL() function provides the same outcome:

In SQL Server/Transact-SQL there is the ISNULL function that follows the same prototype pattern:

Attention should be taken to not confuse ISNULL with IS NULL – the latter serves to evaluate whether some contents are defined to be NULL or not.

The ANSI SQL-92 standard includes the COALESCE function implemented in Oracle,^[19]SQL Server,^[20]PostgreSQL,^[21]SQLite^[22] and MySQL.^[23] The COALESCE function returns the first argument that is not null. If all terms are null, returns null.

C-span

Swift[edit]

In Swift, the nil coalescing operator is ??. It is used to provide a default when unwrapping an optional type:

For example, if one wishes to implement some Swift code to give a page a default title if none is present, one may use the following statement: